In a strange way society today has based many laws and customs on civilizations and societies that came before our time. Meaning there are laws found today like the punishment should fit the crime because civilizations before created that law, and we reused it in this time period. It is important to be aware of the fact that we our influenced by our ancestors because we used what they have been through, what they have created, and what they have done as references to build a more stable world.
RIVER VALLEY INTRO
Described the document and #:
|
Bullet Points:
|
Jen's Junk:
|
Tigris Euphrates Map
|
|
|
Nile River
|
|
|
Indus River Valley
|
|
|
Fertile Crescent Map
|
|
|
Artifact Sumer
|
|
|
Indus Valley
|
|
|
Yellow River
|
|
|
Mesopotamia
The sumerians, which are the people who were born in the civilization of Mesopotamia, were the first group of people who began to farm, developed advance cities, built complex Institituation, and had adavanced tech. In a starnge way the scoiety of today have based many laws and customs in civilizations and societies that came before our time.
Geography:
- Desert Climate --Really Hot weather--
- Arc of land for the best farming
- The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooded Mesopotamia once a year, creating their Crest Soil. --It created rich soil for good farming--
Disadvantages:
|
Solutions:
|
Religion: The religion in Mesopotamia was polytheism which means the belief in various Gods. You can make reference to Aztecs, who believed in Gods like the Sun and the Rain. But this didn't stop them from having cultural diffusion which is a result of trading with civilizations. Cultural diffusion is extremely important since from cultural it ideas and beliefs, even technology, are exchanges causing the civilizations to adapt and develop. But like many societies they had a social pyramid.
Cuneiform
This form of writing is called Cuneiform. It was the first writing system and was immensely used by the Sumerians in order to record their certain activities and laws.
Because Sumerians used to write down their laws, like the Code of Hammurabi, we are now come to knowledge about their beliefs, their rituals, and their laws.
Because Sumerians used to write down their laws, like the Code of Hammurabi, we are now come to knowledge about their beliefs, their rituals, and their laws.
Knowledge:
Hammurabi: Leader of the Sumerians
-->Invented the concept of "An eye for an Eye" description
-->Very bloody laws (Code of Hammurabi)
-->He created 282 laws that Sumerians had to follow, but he created them based on Justice and Retaliation
**The punishments severeness depended on where the individual landed on the social pyramid** The one Upwards ^
Hammurabi: Leader of the Sumerians
-->Invented the concept of "An eye for an Eye" description
-->Very bloody laws (Code of Hammurabi)
-->He created 282 laws that Sumerians had to follow, but he created them based on Justice and Retaliation
**The punishments severeness depended on where the individual landed on the social pyramid** The one Upwards ^
Hammurabi's Code:
Paraphrased
Paraphrased
- If the judge has gotten a case, then made his decision; if later found out it was a wrong verdict then he has to pay twelve times the original fine and be fired.
- If you are in debt but crop seasons are ruined by droughts or by weather then your debt slate gets cleaned and pays no rent for that whole year.
- If your dam gets too damage because you were too lazy, then floods the fields, then you have to replace the amount of money lost when the crops were flooded.
- If you give some object to someone else, you have to have a witness and a contract then hand it for safe keeping.
- If someone gives somebody else an object for safe keeping and they lose it, the safe keeper has to pay the owner the amount of money the object is worth, or steal the object back and return it to the owner.
- If a man wishes to kick his son out of his house, he has to go to a judge and tell him the reasons to kicking out his son, the judge decides if the kids stays or goes.
- If a man has a deceased wife, he can take a second wife but he still has to care for his first wife until she dies.
Who doesn't just love John Green!
Egypt
Egyptian Timeline:
** Note: According to Jen historians are lazy people, hence the Old, Middle and New kingdom name. And they say Teens are lazy**
--Pyramids built
--Mummification was perfected
** Note: According to Jen historians are lazy people, hence the Old, Middle and New kingdom name. And they say Teens are lazy**
- Old Kingdom (2700-2150)
--Pyramids built
- Middle Kingdom (2040-1786)
- New Kingdom (1570-1075)
--Mummification was perfected
- The Nile River dominates the Egyptian world/thought. What this means is that the Nile River influenced the Egyptians' actions and beliefs since the Nile River was considered a God. It's like Religion now where individuals live's are dictated by their God.
- Surrounded by deserts with its occasional Oasis:
*Although it surrounded by desert the river and the seas provide trade by special Egyptian boats
-- Defense from invasions -->Sahara Desert
*This helps because it made Egyptians feel safer
--Preserves Artifacts
*The Pyramids are preserved because of the hot climate
The Nile:
- Yearly Flooding-- Was predictable:
- Encourages trade and Communication --Cultural Diffusion--
- Political Unity
- "Egypt is the gift of the Nile" --Herodotus
Religion:
-- Over 2000 Gods
- Omnipresence of religion --Which means being everywhere and in this context it meant that religion was everywhere in Egypt
- Polytheistic:
-- Over 2000 Gods
- Pharaohs as Living god
- Afterlife
Osiris:
- God of the Dead -- "Rebirth" --
- Evolution of Egyptian Mythology
- He was one of the principal Gods, only second to his father Ra who was the God of all Gods.
Horus:
- The God of balance and harmony
- Maintained the natural order: The Flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil
- (Add more iNFO)
The Pyramids:
--Material goods for use in afterlife be present
*So they believed that certain material goods could transfer with them to the after life. Like say you were buried with a boat, food, and clothes made out of gold then in the afterlife you would be rich, there would be food, and you were classy because of you know, all the GOLD.
- Belief in the afterlife demanded:
--Material goods for use in afterlife be present
*So they believed that certain material goods could transfer with them to the after life. Like say you were buried with a boat, food, and clothes made out of gold then in the afterlife you would be rich, there would be food, and you were classy because of you know, all the GOLD.
- The need to protect the bodies demands good burial grounds
Mummies:
- Not known when it started in Egypt
- Perfected by time of New Kingdom
- There are 70 steps to mummifying a person
The Pharaoh:
-- Controls access to the afterlife
-- July-Sept. during floods life is controlled by the pharaoh
-- 365 day calendar
- God-King --Unlike Mesopotamia-- Ra (This is like the Absolutism found in Europe from...)
- Religion
-- Controls access to the afterlife
-- July-Sept. during floods life is controlled by the pharaoh
-- 365 day calendar
Daily Life in Egypt:
- Cosmetics, cleanliness (Bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs (The funny thing is that during the Middle Ages most people didn't shower almost ever, which shows you just because the world is changing, its not always for the better.)
- Main food is beer and bread
- Common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height
- Most common job . . . farming
Hieroglyphics:
- Language that was written without vowels -- Like morse code--
- Used in temples ancient egyptian temples
Social Pyramid of Ancient Egypt:
The social pyramid of Egypt was truly well balanced:
Pharaoh
* A human "God" *
* Luxury and comfort *
* Supreme ruler *
Every head of government, of a society, of a country, has for the most part the last word. If they invade, if they pass a law, country bankruptcy, etc. The point is there is always a head, or like a powerful person on the head of anything, for a majority of things to work. There's a reason for this though. Many have been raised to look to something or someone, even in families: The father, or the mother, the sibling, so many more relatives of friends, or even idols. The point is since young they have been taught to look up to someone and trust their judgement. That's why these social ladders, although most times unfair, it makes the civilization run smoother.
Viziers and High Priests
* Family members of powerful people
* Many servants
* Large houses
* Lavish feasts
* Priests advised the pharaohs and directed religious ceremonies
Royal Oversees
* Maintaining peace with neighboring civilizations
* Oversees pyramids
* Buildings for the pharaoh
District Governors
* Collected taxes
* Represented civilians in the Pharaoh's courts
* Not much power
Scribes
* Wrote hieroglyphics for EVERYTHING
ex. Religion, economy, government
Artisans
* Made: Furniture, clothes, glasswork, baskets, jewelry, trading
Farmers and Laborers
* Farmers and Slaves
* Grew wheat, barley, fruits, and raised cattle
* Maintained irrigation system
* Most salves were prisoners of war
* Many forced to work in mines
* Abused
Pharaoh
* A human "God" *
* Luxury and comfort *
* Supreme ruler *
Every head of government, of a society, of a country, has for the most part the last word. If they invade, if they pass a law, country bankruptcy, etc. The point is there is always a head, or like a powerful person on the head of anything, for a majority of things to work. There's a reason for this though. Many have been raised to look to something or someone, even in families: The father, or the mother, the sibling, so many more relatives of friends, or even idols. The point is since young they have been taught to look up to someone and trust their judgement. That's why these social ladders, although most times unfair, it makes the civilization run smoother.
Viziers and High Priests
* Family members of powerful people
* Many servants
* Large houses
* Lavish feasts
* Priests advised the pharaohs and directed religious ceremonies
Royal Oversees
* Maintaining peace with neighboring civilizations
* Oversees pyramids
* Buildings for the pharaoh
District Governors
* Collected taxes
* Represented civilians in the Pharaoh's courts
* Not much power
Scribes
* Wrote hieroglyphics for EVERYTHING
ex. Religion, economy, government
Artisans
* Made: Furniture, clothes, glasswork, baskets, jewelry, trading
Farmers and Laborers
* Farmers and Slaves
* Grew wheat, barley, fruits, and raised cattle
* Maintained irrigation system
* Most salves were prisoners of war
* Many forced to work in mines
* Abused
Pharaohs
Pharaoh's name Famous as the . . . 5 Bullet points Unique of interesting fact
|
The Pyramid Builder |
|
|
Senusret I |
Patron of the Arts |
|
Hatshepsut |
Promoter of Trade |
|
|
Ramses II
|
Military Leader and Master Builder
|
|
Most impressive achievement:
Temple complex- Abusimbel |
Indus Valley River
Section Notes
Law and Government
|
|
Transportation
|
|
Writing
|
|
Arts
|
|
Architecture
|
|
Religion
|
|
Crops
|
|
Clothing and Dress
|
|
Geography
Physical Feature Description
Brahmaputra River
|
|
Deccan Plateau
|
|
Eastern and Western Ghats
|
|
Himalaya Mountains
|
|
Indus River
|
|
Thar Dessert
|
|
Ganges River
|
|
Hindu Kush Mountains
|
|
China
Geography:
--- Southwest: Himalaya mountains
--- North: Gobi Desert and Mongolian Plateau
- Natural Barriers (Protection)
--- Southwest: Himalaya mountains
--- North: Gobi Desert and Mongolian Plateau
- Small plain between Huang He and Yangtze ---> Is the heart of China
- The Huang He deposited a massive amount of dusty yellow silt, and this brought fertile soil
- The river sometimes flooded entire villages, hence the name "China's Sorrow"
- Nobles: Owned lands, had power
- Peasants: Slave
- The elder male in the family, the grandfather, has the control.
- Women are inferior, expected to obey their fathers, husbands, and later, sons.
- 13-16 year old girls got arranged marriages
Religion: Polytheism
Spirits of family ancestors had the power for the family to prosper or not.
<------ Ancestors from the movie of Mulan.
Supreme God: Shang Di
Spirits of family ancestors had the power for the family to prosper or not.
<------ Ancestors from the movie of Mulan.
Supreme God: Shang Di
Writing:
Each character stands for an idea not a sound.
Zhou Dynasty organization of Feudalism:
A just ruler had divine approval, known as the Mandate of Heaven.
In the name of religion many acts have been done, and most quite savage. In this particular example, the Zhou Dynasty, like the royal family I mean, had a person from their own family become the Mandate of Heaven, which meant the messenger from a divine being who wants certain acts to be done. It gave them tremendous power because from history we have learned that the commoners who are religious oriented fear the repercussions that could some from disobeying the "messenger of Heaven." It shows that to gain power they use religion as a reason.
Topic and Description 3-5 bullets of Info
Government
|
|
City Life
|
|
Social Pyramid
|
|
Religion
|
|
Art
|
|
Writing
|
|