Ancient Greece
Geography:
- Greece is made up of a Peninsula and a series of small islands.
- The region is very mountainous and has little farm land
- Its geography made sea trade and travel very important
Greek City States:
- The mountains forced the Greeks to build City-States instead of one country
- A city-state is a city with its own laws, rulers, and money (They acted like their own mini country)
Topic Sparta Athens
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Education
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Social Life
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Role of women
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Military:
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A kid's life when born in Sparta
Pain. Unbearable pain. The type that curls your toes and sends ripples of agony through your your back, spreading all over your body. Your heart thunder, rivaling the menacing sound the whip makes when touches bare, bloody skin. My screams catch in my throat, a huge lump in its way. Maybe it's the tears I'm trying not to let go, of the vomit I;m trying to hold back as the scent of blood filters through my nostrils, filling my body with repugnance. The other children scream, word after word. A cry of encouragement, to not give up, to not shout from the pain. But their screams are lost when I feel the whip once again connects to my skin, this time the tip curves around my throat, slashing me right under my eye. And as the pain fills my body, and becomes everything I am, I can't help but think I wish I was my family since I'm only nine. My bones have broke about a dozen time because of these beatings. My skin is marred with lashes, and cuts. But the beatings are almost as painful as the memories I carry because they made me do things I never thought I could be capable of. I've made a boy deaf, he's seven. I've cut body parts with my own knife: ears, fingers, large thinks of muscle from a boy who barley is able to feed himself a meal. And I want to cry for forgiveness, but as I am about to shout it another whipping sounds is made and I realize it hit directly behind my knees. It makes me drop to my knees and with a loud THOUD my head bangs agains the pillar I'm chained to, opening a big gash on my face. The blood runs down to my lips, and I lick up the blood, the first liquid to have touched my tongue in the last 48 hours. And it tastes metallic and coppery, but it is the only thing I can drink without being punished. I want to scream, to whimper, to throw a fucking tantrum for being put in this pain but this is my fault. Because I'm not strong enough, my captor is a freaking monster, and my body is a damn beating bag. And I wish I could run and hide, but the only goal I'm aloud to have is to die at the hands of the enemy to protect Sparta. But I wish I would die from my own hand in the name of of myself, and my horrible agony. Then I feel a kick at the sound of my stomach, making my body lurch forward and sart piking blood out as it fills my throat. And with that the beating session is over, and I'm free to go back to my bed, to rest for hell again tomorrow.
Pain. Unbearable pain. The type that curls your toes and sends ripples of agony through your your back, spreading all over your body. Your heart thunder, rivaling the menacing sound the whip makes when touches bare, bloody skin. My screams catch in my throat, a huge lump in its way. Maybe it's the tears I'm trying not to let go, of the vomit I;m trying to hold back as the scent of blood filters through my nostrils, filling my body with repugnance. The other children scream, word after word. A cry of encouragement, to not give up, to not shout from the pain. But their screams are lost when I feel the whip once again connects to my skin, this time the tip curves around my throat, slashing me right under my eye. And as the pain fills my body, and becomes everything I am, I can't help but think I wish I was my family since I'm only nine. My bones have broke about a dozen time because of these beatings. My skin is marred with lashes, and cuts. But the beatings are almost as painful as the memories I carry because they made me do things I never thought I could be capable of. I've made a boy deaf, he's seven. I've cut body parts with my own knife: ears, fingers, large thinks of muscle from a boy who barley is able to feed himself a meal. And I want to cry for forgiveness, but as I am about to shout it another whipping sounds is made and I realize it hit directly behind my knees. It makes me drop to my knees and with a loud THOUD my head bangs agains the pillar I'm chained to, opening a big gash on my face. The blood runs down to my lips, and I lick up the blood, the first liquid to have touched my tongue in the last 48 hours. And it tastes metallic and coppery, but it is the only thing I can drink without being punished. I want to scream, to whimper, to throw a fucking tantrum for being put in this pain but this is my fault. Because I'm not strong enough, my captor is a freaking monster, and my body is a damn beating bag. And I wish I could run and hide, but the only goal I'm aloud to have is to die at the hands of the enemy to protect Sparta. But I wish I would die from my own hand in the name of of myself, and my horrible agony. Then I feel a kick at the sound of my stomach, making my body lurch forward and sart piking blood out as it fills my throat. And with that the beating session is over, and I'm free to go back to my bed, to rest for hell again tomorrow.
Ancient Greek Philosophers
The Battle of Thermopylae:
More notes on Athens.
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Literature
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Architecture and Sculpture
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Science and Mathematics
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Medicine
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Government
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Alexander the Great
Early childhood:
*** He made have had his father assassinated ***
Builder of a huge Empire:
- Son of Greek Macedonian King-- Philip II determined to prove himself to his stager.
*** He made have had his father assassinated ***
Builder of a huge Empire:
- Conquered Persian Empire to the east of Greece as well as part of Asia and Africa. Wanted to conquer the whole world.
- Those enemies that surrendered without a fight were treated with mercy and kindness; those who resisted and fought were brutally destroyed.
- Hellenization: Spread of Greek culture and learning to conquer ideas
- Cultural Diffusion: Spread of Asian/African ideas into Greek society.
- At age 33, died of alcoholism? Malaria? Broken heart after his army refused to fight anymore (The spread of Christianity)
Roman Empire
The Republic
The Citizens of Rome
The Citizens of Rome
The Patricians:
Nobles who owned large estates and were descendants from the founders of the city. |
The Plebians:
Ordinary peasants and craftmen |
They all [Patricians and Plebians] met in the assembly.
Here they elected.
Here they elected.
Two consuls:
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The Magistrates:
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Tribunes:
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The Senate:
- When magistrates retired they become members of the Senate,
- They had lots of experience and gave advice to the Consuls
- The senate became very important and ended up controlling Rome
Rome's Geography:
Rome conquers Italy:
Rome Triumphs:
- Built on seven rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River, near the center of the Italian Peninsula
- Settlers arrived at the Italian Peninsula at Pre-historic time
- 1000-500 B.C.
- Battled for control: Greeks, Latins, and Etruscans
- 600 B.C Etruscan became king of Rome
- Rome grew to be a city that covered nearly 500 square miles
- Different groups of Romans who struggled for power.
- Patricians: Wealthy land owners who hep most of the power.
- Plebians: The common farmers, artisans, and merchants
- The plebians forced the creation of a written law code.
- Patricians didn't have written laws, making patrician officials "interpret the law to suit themselves."
- Roman writer boasted about how the Roman Government achieved balance.
- Governed by a king (Monarchy)
- Aristocracy (Governed by nobles)
- Democracy (Governed by the people)
- All citizens who owned land were required to serve the army
- Roman legions -- Units of the army
Rome conquers Italy:
- Roman legions battled for control if the Italian peninsula
- 265 B.C., Romans were in control of nearly all Italy.
- 264 B.C. Rome and Carthage went to war (Punic Wars)
- 264-146 B.C. Rome and carthage fought three wars
- Sicily and Western Mediterranean: It lasted 23 years.
- Hannibal: Brilliant strategist, Carthaginian 29 years old, avenge old defeat.
Rome Triumphs:
- Scipio: A general bold enough to stand to Hannibal - Devised plan to attack Carthage, Hannibal went back
- 146 B.C. : Carthage city is set on fire, 50,000 inhabitants sold to slavery, pronounced Roman Territory.
- The more land Rome had, the bigger the gap between rich and poor
- 100 B.C 1/3 of the Roman population were slaves
- Generals wanted power for themselves
- Soldiers loyal to their commanders, not the Republic
- Caesar had his own legion, and Pompey ordered him, with the senate, to disband his army, but Caesar refused and fled to Gaul, modern day France
- He granted Roman citizens to provinces, over taken land
- Expanded the Senate, added friends and family
- Gave land to the poor and created jobs
- After Caesar's murder, stabbed 26 times by the senate members, his adoptive son Octavian, and grand nephew banded together with general Marc Antony and politician named Lepidus, to exterminate assassins
- Through violence and jealousy, Octavian became the only ruler and was given the name Augustus
- Augustus stabilized the frontier, built glorious public buildings, and created a system of government that lasted for centuries.
- About 90% of the people were engaged in farming.
- Additional food and luxury outcomes imported into Rome
- Rome emphasized the values of discipline, strength, and loyalty
- Most people in Rome lived in the country side and worked on farms
- 1/3 of the Roman population was made of slaves
- Slaves worked on the city and farms
- Some strong healthy man were forced to be gladiators
- In Rome, government and religion were linked
- Their gods were like the greek gods, except different homes
- During the empire time most of the Roman population was unemployed
- To keep entertained the government had the gladiator events, the gladiators were condemned criminal, slaves and war prisoners
Julius Ceasar:
Achievements:
Assassination of Caesar:
Achievements:
- Roman military general who seized power and became emperor of the Roman Republic from 59-44 B.C.
- Created jobs program for poor Roman citizens
- Forced landowners to use paid workers as well as slaves
- Distributed land conquered by Roman army to poor citizens
Assassination of Caesar:
- Group of Roman senators, led by Brutus, stabbed Caesar to death outside the Senate building
- Caesar's absolute rule had taken power from the Senators who hated him for it
- Fear that Caesar's reform program helped the plebeians (poor) at the expense of the patricians (rich). Senators were all patricians.
- Fear that Caesar total power who corrupt and ruin Roman society by concentrating all power in his hands.
Gladiators:
- Started as religious event
- Early games ended not in the literal death of the participants, but their symbolic death as a defeated athletes, unlike succeeding
- Go to gladiators fight (plebeians) free focus
- Gladiators first thought then they had killing events
- When you dies you were burned and gold coins were placed on your eyes (Pirates of the Caribbean)
- Gladiators: Slaves, prisoners of war, condemned criminals
- Professional gladiators volunteered to be participants
- 3-5 years of combat won, the Gladiators would be free
- Gladiators trained like athletes
- Used chains, tridents, daggers, lassons, archery
- Gladiators had armor, and with the weapons that best suited him
- Were paid every time they fought
- Opponents defeated raised his left hand with one finger extended as a request for mercy
- Typically fought in large arenas, Colosseum of Rome
- The winner would receive gifts: golden bowl, crown, or gold coin, along with a palm leaf to represent victory.
The Fall of Rome:
- Christianity : The Roman empire needed a powerful army to keep control of conquered countries. When many Romans became Christians they believed in living together without wars and in peace.
- Slavery: There were many slaves in the Roman Empire. They did the hard work. There were not enough jobs for all of the people the slaves did most of the work.
- The empire was too big: It was very hard to defend the empire because it was too big. In 285 A.D. the Roman Empire was divided into two capitals. The Western Empire had its capital in Rome. The Eastern Empire had its capital in Constantinople, which is present day Istanbul, in Turkey.
- Economic problems: There was not enough food to feed all the people in the Empire. Taxes were very high and most of the people were very poor. There was very little money to spend because most of the money was used to pay taxes.
- Invasions: Because the Roman army because weaker, barbarians started to invade the empire. In 476 A.D. the Western Roman Empire ended. The Eastern Roman Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, lasted almost another 1,000 years.